Useless, Useless

Wednesday. The 26th day of April in the year 1865.

12 days after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, at a farm called Locust Hill, home to Confederate Richard H. Garrett and located in Port Royal, Virginia, John Wilkes Booth was shot and killed. Today marks 149 years since the death of Booth and the capture of his accomplice, David Herold.

Around 2:30 AM, the 16th New York Cavalry arrived at the Garrett farm. The unit was composed of  26 men led by Edward Doherty, Everton Conger, and Lafayette Baker. The directions to the farm had come from a Confederate soldier named Willie Jett. In an ironic twist of fate, Jett had aided Booth and Herold the day before, what would be their last day of freedom forever. He turned on Booth after some "persuasion" from the Union soldiers. (After being beaten around until he guided them to the farm).

The soldiers surrounded the tobacco barn that Booth and Herold had been sleeping in but Booth refused arrest. When Conger threatened to set fire to the building, Herold abandoned Booth, surrendered, and was taken prisoner. Booth still refused to leave so the barn was set ablaze. Furniture that the Garrett's had been hiding for their neighbors (who were fearful of Union raids) was incinerated after having survived four long years of war. The Union government refused to reimburse the Garrett's for their lost barn.  

Conger and his partners had orders from the Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, to take Booth alive. As the flames climbed higher, Booth threw down his crutches and lifted the carbine Herold had left behind. He stepped toward the door as if to shoot his way out. Thomas "Boston" Corbett, a member of the 16th New York, saw Booth through a crack in the barn wall. Aiming his revolver, Corbett fired without orders and struck Booth in the back of the neck. The bullet severed his spinal cord and paralyzed him. Later, when asked why he disobeyed orders, Corbett said, "Providence directed me." Corbett was an insane religious fanatic and would become more so as time went on. Earlier in his life, to avoid the temptation of prostitutes, he castrated himself with a pair of scissors. Like the gun he used to kill Booth, Corbett also went missing. Some historians claim he was killed in a fire.

After being dragged out of the barn, Booth said to one of the soldiers, "Tell Mother I died for my country." Booth was then brought to the porch of the Garrett farm house. Unable to move and barely able to speak, he lingered and suffocated in pain for over two hours before taking his last breath at sunrise and joining President Lincoln in the afterlife. The chase for Lincoln's assassin had come to an end. As he looked upon his hands, Booth spoke his final words. "Useless, useless." No one has ever been able to figure out what Booth was referring to.

In the grand scheme of events, Booth got off easy. His death was not quick or painless but he did not have to suffer brutal beatings at the hands of the Union or the farce of a trial he would have been given had he been captured. Like many others, David Herold was not so fortunate. For him, his mother and sisters the nightmares were far from over.

Herold was sent back to Washington in chains. Arriving around 1:45 AM on April 27, 1865, he was hooded and confined in the dark ward aboard the ironclad USS Montauk. Booth's life had ended but unspeakable torments were about to consume and snuff out Herold's. He would be thrust into a living hell that would last until July 7, 1865, when he would be executed for some actions that were not his own and none that merited the punishment of death.

One historian wrote,

"Abraham Lincoln, vilified through most of his presidency by friend and foe, attained in death a martyrdom that helped him become the most popular president in US history. It is ironic that the man who shot him had, throughout his life, enjoyed the honor and admiration of most everyone who knew him, but in death acquired an ignominy so complete it even destroyed the lives of those who came into contact with him."

Someone who was once one of the greatest men in the nation fell 149 years ago this morning. The actions of John Wilkes Booth scarred not just him, but many people, especially those close to him. His fiancé, Lucy Lambert Hale, woke with a pain in her neck and knew her love had died. Did his actions seal the fate of the South as is often claimed? That answer is unknown.

While some feel the need to rejoice on this tragic anniversary, I cannot. Sorrow and hurt for what could have been are the emotions I feel. Through the dark I search for the light and through the pain I search for love. Love will always conquer pain in the end.

Until next time, I pray.

XOXO, Kate 

Oh Captain! My Captain!

149 years ago, 16th President Abraham Lincoln died in Washington DC at the Petersen boardinghouse. He was 56 years old. May God continue to give peace to Father Abraham.

 

 

 

Until next time.

 

XOXO, Kate



And So the World Runs Away

Because this is a historical blog, if you would like to read facts about the Lincoln assassination, please see the post below. There you can read all about the movements of Lincoln and Booth in the hours leading up to the assassination. This post is the personal side of the story.

149 years ago, on the evening of April 14, 1865, darkness fell across the victorious Union when southern actor turned assassin John Wilkes Booth fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre. Although the American Civil War was over, for dozens of others who would be caught in the whirlwind aftermath, the nightmares had just begun.

This is an event that, for many reasons, is very difficult for me to think about, let alone discuss. Even though the Lincoln assassination and conspiracy is the main focus in my Civil War studies, it doesn't make the pain of lost lives and lost innocence any easier to cope with.

When Lincoln died, public opinion toward the southern states turned radically. Booth thought he would save his homeland. Instead, he sealed its fate. Southern supporters living in Washington DC were attacked by enraged Unionists and men mistaken for Booth were lynched. Southerner Cornelia McDonald expressed similar fears to her diary.

"In a very short time the kind and forbearing feelings our late enemies seemed to entertain for us were displaced by bitter hatred and furious rage, for when the bullet of Booth took away the life of Lincoln, I thought it was just what he deserved; he that had urged on and promoted a savage war that had cost so many lives; but a little reflection made me see that it was worse for us than if he had been suffered to live, for his satisfaction had been great when we were disarmed, and he was disposed to be merciful. Now no mercy was to be expected from a nation of furious fanatics whose idol of clay had been cast down. We knew that vengeance would be taken."

Vengeance would be taken even months after Lincoln was dead when the Union government would send four (or five depending on who you're counting) almost innocent people to their deaths and destroy the lives of countless others. (Yes, it can be argued that none deserved death sentences for their involvement with Booth). Even today, 149 years later, compassion for the South (and for Booth and his team) is still lacking, though it is in abundance for Lincoln. We want to forget our mistakes but we're not willing to show forgiveness for them.

For many, whether they flew the flag of the Union or the Confederacy, they were about to lose themselves in grief and sorrow, some for the rest of their lives.

Mary Todd Lincoln would become so wrought with grief that her son would have her institutionalized in her later life.

Henry Rathbone would marry Clara Harris but would eventually go insane, shoot, and stab her to death. His attempt at suicide would fail and he would die in a mental institution.

Michael O'Laughlen would be sent to prison and die two years later of yellow fever.

The life of Edwin Booth would be threatened when, while preforming, an audience member would attempt to shoot him, just missing.

Lucy Lambert Hale would suffer from depression and some form of PTSD for the rest of her life. She would be tormented by nightmares and hallucinations until she died 50 years later.

William Seward would forever bear the scars left behind after his attempted assassination. Aside from two, Seward would refuse to take photographs that would show his deformity.

Edmund Spangler, Samuel Arnold, and Samuel Mudd would be sent to prison. Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt would suffer the ultimate punishment: death on the hangman's gallows.

And then there were others such as Tad and Robert Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, the Booth, Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerodt families, Boston Corbett, Preston King, James Lane, John Hartranft, Seward's wife and children, and many others who are not included on this list were touched by the collateral damage too. In a way, Lincoln's assassination managed to affect everyone in their own way.

We're all people and we all make mistakes. Remember to spare a thought for Lincoln today. But also remember to spare a thought for all those who were left behind on Earth to mourn the loss of their loved ones. Whether North or South, all suffered and all deserve some respect, acceptance, and forgiveness.    

Until my tears dry.

XOXO, Kate

The Last Day of the Union

149 years ago, the sun rose on the morning of April 14, 1865. It would be the final morning of celebration for the victorious Union and the last normal day many people would experience for a long time. Some would not find peace again until their deaths.

President Abraham Lincoln and southern actor John Wilkes Booth awoke and began going about their routines as normal, neither showing any exterior sign that something was amiss. No one suspected that one of the biggest and most shocking turning points in Civil War history, the first Presidential assassination, was mere hours away.

A close friend of mine, Roger J. Norton, runs the Abraham Lincoln Research Site and details what Lincoln and Booth did hour by hour leading up to the assassination. I was going to post the links but they don't seem to be working. So instead, I have written everything out. (Just a reminder, this comes from Mr. Norton's website).

Abraham Lincoln's Last Day:

7:00 AM

As usual the President arose at seven. Friday, April 14, 1865, began as a lovely spring day in Washington, D.C. The dogwood trees were in bloom, and there was a scent of fresh flowers in the air. The willows along the Potomac River were green. In the parks and gardens the lilacs bloomed. Before breakfast Mr. Lincoln, 56, went to his office, sat down at an upright mahogany desk and worked for awhile. Behind him was a velvet bell cord which he pulled to summon a secretary. The president left instructions for Assistant Secretary of State Frederick Seward to call a Cabinet meeting at 11:00 A.M. (Secretary of State William Seward was confined to bed due to a carriage accident). Mr. Lincoln also wrote a note inviting General Ulysses S. Grant to attend the Cabinet meeting.

8:00 AM

Abraham Lincoln ate breakfast. Normally he had one egg and one cup of coffee. This morning Mary Todd Lincoln, 46, sat at the opposite end of the table with sons, Robert, 21, and Tad, 12, at the sides. President Lincoln listened as Captain Robert Lincoln discussed his brief tour of duty in the Union Army. Robert had been present at the Mclean House in Appomattox when General Robert E. Lee surrendered. Mary said she had tickets to Grover's Theatre, but she'd prefer to see Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre. She also indicated a hope that General and Mrs. Grant would accompany them to the theatre. After breakfast the President excused himself to go back to work in his office which was located in the southeast corner of the White House.

9:00 AM

Lincoln read the morning newspapers. His first visitor of the day was Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax. Lincoln told the Speaker his own ideas as to what the future policy should be toward the Southern states. Colfax expressed a concern that Lincoln would proceed with reconstruction without legislative branch consultation. At the War Department, General Grant told Secretary of War Edwin Stanton that the Grants were going to decline the Lincolns theatre invitation. They were going home to see their children (though some claim Mrs. Grant didn't want to spend an entire night with Mrs. Lincoln).

10:00 AM

Mr. Lincoln greeted more visitors. One of them was former New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale who had recently been appointed minister to Spain. (Hale's daughter, Lucy, was John Wilkes Booth's fiancé). Mr. Lincoln then called for a messenger and requested that he go to Ford's Theatre and reserve the State Box for the evening's performance. He did not yet know General Grant intended to decline the invitation and leave Washington on a late afternoon train. The management of Ford's was elated when they heard the news of their special guests for Good Friday's Our American Cousin performance. It was the benefit performance for actress Laura Keene but many people did not attend the theatre on Good Friday.

11:00 AM

The President began the scheduled meeting of his Cabinet. Stanton, as usual, arrived late. Grant was present at the meeting and Lincoln was expecting important deliberations regarding reconstruction to occur. He admitted he was open to suggestions on this very complex matter. Lots of various ideas were proposed to begin the process of reconciliation between North and South. Also discussed was what to do with the leaders of the Confederacy. Lincoln spoke from the heart when he said, "Enough lives have been sacrificed."

12:00 PM

The Cabinet meeting continued with more discussion of the process of putting the country on its feet again.

1:00 PM

Except for minor differences of opinion, the Cabinet seemed agreed that helping the South economically would also be beneficial to the North. At this point, the President asked General Grant to describe the details of General Lee's surrender. Vice President Andrew Johnson arrived at the White House. With the Cabinet meeting still in progress, Johnson decided to take a walk and wait until Lincoln could see him.

2:00 PM

The Cabinet meeting ended. Grant got up from his chair and walked over to Mr. Lincoln. The general explained he and his wife would not be going to Ford's Theatre. They were taking the evening train out of Washington to visit their children. At about 2:20, Lincoln left the office for lunch with Mary. Although no record of the lunch time conversation exists, it's quite likely Abraham told Mary that the Grants would not be accompanying them to see Our American Cousin. Lincoln, back at work, studied some papers dealing with an army deserter. He signed a pardon, and made the remark, "Well, I think the boy can do us more good above ground than underground."

3:00 PM

Andrew Johnson and Mr. Lincoln met for approximately 20 minutes. Then the President met with a former slave named Nancy Bushrod. Her husband had served in the Union Army, but he was missing some paychecks. Lincoln promised to look into the matter. At the War Department, the Stantons decided to "send regrets" about attending Our American Cousin with the Lincolns that evening.

4:00 PM

Lincoln had finished his day's work. Mary wished to go for a carriage ride. The president met briefly with Charles A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War.

5:00 PM

Congressman Edward H. Rollins of New Hampshire stopped by to get a pass for a constituent to go and see his wounded son in an army hospital. The President and his wife came out on the White House porch. A one-armed soldier, hoping to catch sight of Mr. Lincoln, yelled, "I would almost give my other hand if I could shake that of Abraham Lincoln." The President walked toward the soldier and grabbed his hand. Lincoln said, "You shall do that and it shall cost you nothing." The Lincolns then entered the carriage with Francis P. Burke, their coachman, as the driver. Two cavalrymen followed the carriage as it started down the gravel White House driveway. The carriage arrived at the Navy Yard, and the president took a short stroll on the deck of the monitor Montauk (which would eventually hold a few of the arrested conspirators). Then he got back in the carriage for the short trip back to the White House.

6:00 PM

The carriage pulled into the White House driveway. Two old friends from Illinois, Dick Oglesby and General Isham N. Haynie, greeted the President. He invited them into his office for a friendly discussion of "old times." Word that dinner was ready reached Lincoln, and his old friends excused themselves. The Lincolns ate as a family. Mary told Abraham that a young couple, Clara Harris, 20, and Major Henry Rathbone, 28, had accepted a Ford's Theatre invitation. (15 had turned it down). The Lincolns would pick up the couple at the Harris residence on H Street near Fourteenth.

7:00 PM

William H. Crook, the president's bodyguard, was relieved three hours late by John F. Parker. Parker was told to be on hand at Ford's Theatre when the presidential party got there. Crook said, "Good night, Mr. President." Lincoln responded, "Good-by, Crook." According to Crook, this was a first. Lincoln had always previously said, "Good night, Crook." Speaker of the House Colfax visited the President for a second time that day. Lincoln told him he had decided not to call a special session of Congress to deal with reconstruction. Colfax left, and at 7:50 former Congressman George Ashmun arrived without an appointment. Lincoln decided to see Ashmun anyway.

8:00 PM

At 8:05 Lincoln's business with Ashmun was still unfinished, and he requested a return visit in the morning. Lincoln wrote out the last message of his life, "Allow Mr. Ashmun & friend to come in at 9:00 A.M. tomorrow." The note was signed "A. Lincoln, April 14, 1865." He and Mrs. Lincoln then went out the front door of the White House to the waiting carriage. Mary wore a black and white striped silk dress and a matching bonnet. Abraham wore a black overcoat and white kid gloves. Lincoln's coat was made of wool and had been tailored for him by Brooks Brothers of New York. The weather had changed, It was a foggy, misty night. On the way to Ford's, the carriage stopped to pick up Clara Harris and Henry Rathbone. The carriage then proceeded to Ford's. Clara Harris and Major Rathbone faced the Lincolns, riding backwards. Also in the carriage were Burke, the coachman, and Charles Forbes, Lincoln's valet. They arrived at Ford's at about 8:30 P.M. The play had already begun. John M. Buckingham, Ford's main doorkeeper and ticket collector, greeted the honored guests. John Parker led the presidential party as it entered the theatre and walked towards the State Box. The play stopped and the orchestra played "Hail to the Chief." People in the audience stood and politely clapped. Once the president was seated, Our American Cousin resumed. His chair was a black walnut one with red upholstery. It had been brought down from the Ford family's personal quarters located on the 3rd floor above Taltavul's Star Saloon.

9:00 PM

Our American Cousin continued before over 1,000 patrons in the theatre. At one point, Abraham Lincoln felt a chill. Mary asked if he wanted a shawl, but the President rose and put on his black coat instead. He sat back in his rocking chair. During intermission, John F. Parker, the President's bodyguard, left the theatre and went next door to Taltavul's Star Saloon for a drink. He was not at his post when Act III of the play began.

10:00 PM

Our American Cousin was now in the third act. Mary sat very close to her husband, her hand in his. She whispered to him, "What will Miss Harris think of my hanging on to you so?" The President replied, "She won't think anything about it." It was between 10:15 P.M. and 10:30 P.M. On stage, actor Harry Hawk was saying, "Don't know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal, you sockdologizing old mantrap!" John Wilkes Booth came up behind Mr. Lincoln and shot him in the back of the head near point blank range. The bullet entered the head about 3 inches behind the left ear and traveled about 7 1/2 inches into the brain. Booth struggled briefly with Rathbone, stabbed him with a knife, leaped 11 feet to the stage, broke the fibula bone in his left leg, and escaped from the theatre (after also stabbing the band leader on the way out). Lincoln's head inclined toward his chest, and Mrs. Lincoln screamed.

The first doctor to attend the president was 23 year old Charles Leale. After examining the stricken man he sadly said, "His wound is mortal. It is impossible for him to recover." It was decided to move the President and his comatose body was carried across the street to the Petersen House whose address was 453 Tenth Street. The President was placed diagonally on a bed in a room rented by William T. Clark, an army clerk. Clark was not in town and would not return until Sunday morning. It was a small, neat room which measured 9 1/2 by 17 1/2 feet. Lincoln's pulse was 44, and his breathing was heavy. He was cold to the touch. He would die the next morning.

John Wilkes Booth on Assassination Day

9:00 AM

No one knows where Booth slept the night before but it was not in his room at the National Hotel. Booth met with his fiancé, Lucy Hale (daughter of John P. Hale, former U.S. Senator from New Hampshire). He then went to Booker and Stewart's barbershop on E Street near Grover's Theatre where barber Charles Wood trimmed his hair. Afterwards, he may have stopped at the Surratt boardinghouse and met with Mary Surratt. Booth then returned to his hotel in Washington. This was the National Hotel, just 6 blocks from the Capitol on the northeast corner of Sixth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. Booth stayed in room 228. Many guests recognized Booth as he walked in because he was one of America's most famous actors. No one noticed any suspicious behavior whatsoever. Booth's friend, Michael O'Laughlen, dropped by for a brief visit.

11:00 AM

Booth left the National Hotel and went to Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail. He was dressed in dark clothes and wore a tall silk hat. He wore kid gloves of a bland color, had a light overcoat slung over his arm, and carried a cane. At Ford's he learned from Henry Clay Ford, 21, that President Abraham Lincoln would be attending the evening performance of Our American Cousin. Booth then spent some time walking around the theatre. He knew nearly every line of the play. He figured out that the greatest laughter in the theatre would be taking place about 10:15 P.M. He also realized that only the actor Harry Hawk would be alone on stage at that moment. He made up his mind. This would be the time to assassinate the President.

12:00 PM

Booth showed up at a stable at 224 C Street operated by James W. Pumphrey, 32, and rented a fast roan mare. He said he'd pick the horse up at 4:00 P.M. that afternoon. He then returned to his room at the National Hotel.

2:00 PM

Booth walked to the Herndon House where fellow conspirator Lewis Powell was staying. Booth told Powell of the night's plans. Booth's plan for Powell was to assassinate Secretary of State William Seward. He told Powell it was time to check out of the Herndon House. At about 2:30 he dropped by the Surratt boardinghouse. He gave Mary Surratt a package containing field glasses and apparently asked her to take them to her leased tavern in Surrattsville.

3:00 PM

Booth went to the Kirkwood House to discuss plans with fellow conspirator George Atzerodt. Booth wanted Atzerodt to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson who lived at the Kirkwood House. Atzerodt was out. Booth left a note for Johnson (or his personal secretary) with Robert Jones, the desk clerk. Historians have differing interpretations of why Booth left a message for Johnson or his secretary; no one really knows for sure why he did it. The note said, "I don't wish to disturb you. Are you at home? J. Wilkes Booth." Johnson was not in; rather he was at the White House.            

4:00 PM

Booth picked up the mare he'd rented at Pumphrey's Stable. He stopped at Grover's Theatre and went upstairs to Deery's tavern for a drink. He then went downstairs and wrote a letter. It was written to the editor of a Washington D.C. newspaper called the National Intelligencer. He explained that his plans had changed from kidnapping Lincoln to assassinating him. He signed the letter not only with his own name but also three of his co-conspirators: Powell, Atzerodt, and Herold. Then he got up and went back outside to his horse.

5:00 PM

Booth walked his horse down Fourteenth Street. Near Willard's Hotel he met a fellow actor named John Mathews. Mathews was playing the role of Richard Coyle in Our American Cousin. He gave Mathews the letter and asked him to deliver it to the National Intelligencer the next day. (Matthews would burn it backstage shortly after the assassination). Booth got on his horse and rode off. He passed by Ulysses S. Grant's carriage. On a side street he met up with George Atzerodt. He told a reluctant Atzerodt to kill Andrew Johnson as close to 10:15 as possible.

6:00 PM

Booth rode to Ford's Theatre. He invited several Ford's employees, including Ned Spangler, out for a drink at Taltavul's Star Saloon. Afterwards, he returned to the theatre and traveled the route he would use in the assassination. He practiced everything except the leap to the stage. Using a gimlet, he even drilled a small hole in the door in back of where Lincoln would be sitting which would give him a decent view of where Lincoln's head and shoulders would be. Then he went out the back of the theater and returned to the National Hotel to rest and have dinner with his fiancé.              

7:00 PM

Booth put on black riding boots, new spurs, a black frock coat, black pants, and a black slouch hat. He picked up his diary. Booth carried a compass, a small derringer, and a long hunting knife that could be stuck inside his pants on the left side. Booth loaded the .44-caliber derringer with a lead ball. It was a single shot pistol. At 7:45 he exited the National Hotel.

8:00 PM

Booth held one final meeting with his co-conspirators (both the time and location of this meeting is not known for certain). Powell would assassinate Secretary Seward. Herold would guide Powell to Seward's home and help him escape from Washington. Atzerodt would shoot Vice President Johnson. Booth would kill Lincoln. All attacks would take place simultaneously at 10:15 P.M. The entire gang would then meet at the Navy Yard Bridge. From there they would ride to Surrattsville and pick up guns and binoculars at John Lloyd's leased tavern.

9:00 PM

Booth arrived at Ford's Theatre in the vicinity of 9:30. He called Ned Spangler to hold his horse in the alley in back of Ford's. Spangler was busy changing sets for the play and asked another employee, a lad named Joseph C. Burroughs, to take care of the mare. Booth went to Taltavul's Star Saloon next to the theater and requested a bottle of whiskey and some water. Another customer said to Booth, "You'll never be the actor your father was." Booth replied, "When I leave the stage, I will be the most famous man in America."

10:00 PM

Booth entered Ford's lobby at about 10:07 P.M. He went up the stairs to the dress circle. He moved slowly even stopping completely to lean back against the wall. Soon Booth could see the white door he needed to enter to get to Lincoln's State Box. Charles Forbes, the President's footman, was seated next to the door and Booth apparently handed him a card. Quietly, Booth then opened the door and entered the dark area in back of the box. It was now between 10:15 P.M. and 10:30 P.M. Booth propped the door shut with the wooden leg of a music stand which he had placed there on one of his earlier visits during the day. He then opened an inside door behind where the president was sitting. He put his derringer behind Lincoln's head near the left ear and pulled the trigger. Because of the laughter in the theater, not all patrons heard the shot. Booth may have said, "Sic semper tyrannis!" (Latin for "Thus always to tyrants." Many in the audience thought he said these words after he landed on the stage and not all eyewitnesses agreed on Booth's words or even if there were any.) Major Henry Rathbone, also sitting in the State Box, thought Booth shouted a word that sounded like "Freedom!" Rathbone began wrestling with the assassin, and Booth pulled out his knife and stabbed Rathbone in the left arm. Booth climbed over the banister of the box and dropped about 11 feet to the stage. He landed off balance snapping the fibula bone in his left leg just above the ankle. Adrenalin flowing, Booth flashed his knife and quickly crossed the stage and out the back of the theater. He jumped on his mare and escaped from the area. At approximately 10:45 Booth crossed the Navy Yard Bridge. Soon he would be in Maryland.

11:00 PM

David Herold, who used the same bridge to escape from Washington, caught up with Booth probably near Soper's Hill. The two then rode together headed for Lloyd's tavern that was leased from Mary Surratt in Surrattsville.

12:00 AM

More than 11 miles south of Ford's Theatre, Booth and Herold arrived at Mary Surratt's tavern. Booth had a drink of whiskey, and the fugitives picked up field glasses and a Spencer rifle. John Lloyd later testified that Booth said, "I am pretty certain that we have assassinated the President and Secretary Seward." At the time Booth didn't know Powell failed to kill Seward, and Atzerodt had made no attempt to kill Johnson. Because his leg was hurting terribly, Booth needed medical attention. The whiskey provided only temporary relief. Booth and Herold rode off into the dark countryside. They rode through T.B. and past the home of Joseph Eli Huntt. They eventually ended up at Dr. Samuel Mudd's house at approximately 4:00 A.M.

Until next time.

XOXO, Kate

149 Years Ago (April 1865)

With the end of the spring semester closing in, I've been dealing with countless assignments since the beginning of the month. Due to this, I have been unable to post updates about important Civil War anniversaries.

April of 1865 was one of the most influential months of the American Civil War because so many turning points occurred. The biggest? After fours long years and rivers of blood, the Civil War, the bloodiest conflict in our nation's history, was finally brought to an end. However, it didn't remain that way for long. For some, the nightmares had just begun.

April 1, 1865: At the Battle of Five Forks, Confederate forces were unable to hold off the advancing Union troops and Petersburg began to crumble. The Union marched on to siege Richmond, the heart of the Confederate States of America.

April 2, 1865: the Siege of Petersburg came to an end when the city was captured. Richmond fell when the Confederate government (along with many citizens) fled as the city was bombarded and almost burned to the ground by Union artillery.

April 3, 1865: With Union troops station in both Petersburg and Richmond, General Robert E. Lee fled toward North Carolina in an attempt to meet up with General Joseph Johnston and put some space between him and General Ulysses S. Grant.

April 4, 1865: President Abraham Lincoln traveled to Richmond and walked through the streets with only a small convoy of Union soldiers protecting him. Cheers, most from emancipated slaves, rang out through the ruins. While there, Lincoln visited the Confederate White House and sat in Confederate President Jefferson Davis' chair. Meanwhile, Lee arrived at Amelia Court House. However, he found no food for his starving troops. He was forced to stop and send soldiers out to look for food. They came back with nothing.

April 6, 1865: Lee lost about a quarter of his army at the Battle of Sayler's Creek. Many of the survivors scattered.

April 7, 1865: Grant began to communicate surrender terms to Lee. These would become known as the "surrender letters."

April 8, 1865: the Battle of Appomattox Station. Confederate forces were driven back and critical supplies were captured by the Union.

April 9, 1865: Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia surrender to Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House. Lee wore his finest dress uniform. Grant, suffering from a bad headache, arrived late. He wore a muddy private uniform with his own shoulder straps to show his rank. His real uniform had gotten dropped somewhere in transportation. The owner of the house, Wilmer McLean, got the honor of saying that the Civil War began in his front yard and ended in his parlor. The First Battle of Bull Run was fought on McLean's farm and the surrender terms were signed in his parlor.

April 11, 1865: Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech from a White House balcony showcasing his plans for peace, reconstruction, and what the nation would give to the emancipated African Americas.

April 12, 1865: General Grant gave a formal ceremony so the still remaining Confederate soldiers could stack their arms and surrender their flags with dignity.

If you haven't already noticed, the date marking one of the most shocking turn of events in Civil War history is missing from this list. I will be discussing it more in depth tomorrow.

Until next time.

XOXO, Kate